String (computer science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In computer programming, a string is traditionally a sequence of characters, either as a literal constant or as some kind of variable. The latter may allow its elements to be mutated and the length changed, or it may be fixed (after creation). Python Programming/Strings. Run the program on the string 'One banana was brown. Edit; View history; More. Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of characters. In the Java programming language, strings are objects. The Java platform provides. C++ Programming/Code/IO/Streams/string. To use the string class in a program, the <string> header must be included. Edit; View history; More. Andrew McCallum, UMass Amherst, including material from William Cohen String Edit Distance (and intro to dynamic programming) Lecture #4 Computational Linguistics. Resource Editor to edit text strings, add strings into string table, or inject resource into DLL or EXE file. Batch Changing and Replacing Text Strings in. A string is generally understood as a data type and is often implemented as an array of bytes (or words) that stores a sequence of elements, typically characters, using some character encoding. A string may also denote more general arrays or other sequence (or list) data types and structures. Depending on programming language and precise data type used, a variable declared to be a string may either cause storage in memory to be statically allocated for a predetermined maximum length or employ dynamic allocation to allow it to hold variable number of elements.
When a string appears literally in source code, it is known as a string literal or an anonymous string. No assumption is made about the nature of the symbols. A string (or word) over . The empty string is the unique string over . For any two strings s and t in . In addition, the length function defines a monoid homomorphism from . If u is nonempty, s is said to be a proper prefix of t. Symmetrically, a string s is said to be a suffix of t if there exists a string u such that t = us. If u is nonempty, s is said to be a proper suffix of t. Suffixes and prefixes are substrings of t. For example, if s = abc (where a, b, and c are symbols of the alphabet), then the reverse of s is cba. A string that is the reverse of itself (e. Lexicographical ordering. The lexicographical order is total if the alphabetical order is, but isn't well- founded for any nontrivial alphabet, even if the alphabetical order is. See Shortlex for an alternative string ordering that preserves well- foundedness. String operations. These are given in the article on string operations. Topology. This is the construction used for the p- adic numbers and some constructions of the Cantor set, and yields the same topology. Isomorphisms between string representations of topologies can be found by normalizing according to the lexicographically minimal string rotation. String datatypes. Strings are such an important and useful datatype that they are implemented in nearly every programming language. In some languages they are available as primitive types and in others as composite types. The syntax of most high- level programming languages allows for a string, usually quoted in some way, to represent an instance of a string datatype; such a meta- string is called a literal or string literal. String length. In general, there are two types of string datatypes: fixed- length strings, which have a fixed maximum length to be determined at compile time and which use the same amount of memory whether this maximum is needed or not, and variable- length strings, whose length is not arbitrarily fixed and which can use varying amounts of memory depending on the actual requirements at run time. Most strings in modern programming languages are variable- length strings. Of course, even variable- length strings are limited in length . The string length can be stored as a separate integer (which may put an artificial limit on the length) or implicitly through a termination character, usually a character value with all bits zero. These character sets were typically based on ASCII or EBCDIC. Logographic languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (known collectively as CJK) need far more than 2. The normal solutions involved keeping single- byte representations for ASCII and using two- byte representations for CJK ideographs. Use of these with existing code led to problems with matching and cutting of strings, the severity of which depended on how the character encoding was designed. Some encodings such as the EUC family guarantee that a byte value in the ASCII range will represent only that ASCII character, making the encoding safe for systems that use those characters as field separators. Other encodings such as ISO- 2. Shift- JIS do not make such guarantees, making matching on byte codes unsafe. These encodings also were not . Most programming languages now have a datatype for Unicode strings. Unicode's preferred byte stream format UTF- 8 is designed not to have the problems described above for older multibyte encodings. UTF- 8, UTF- 1. 6 and UTF- 3. In other languages, such as Java and Python, the value is fixed and a new string must be created if any alteration is to be made; these are termed immutable strings. Strings are typically implemented as arrays of bytes, characters, or code units, in order to allow fast access to individual units or substrings. A few languages such as Haskell implement them as linked lists instead. Some languages, such as Prolog and Erlang, avoid implementing a dedicated string datatype at all, instead adopting the convention of representing strings as lists of character codes. Representations. Older string implementations were designed to work with repertoire and encoding defined by ASCII, or more recent extensions like the ISO 8. Modern implementations often use the extensive repertoire defined by Unicode along with a variety of complex encodings such as UTF- 8 and UTF- 1. The term byte string usually indicates a general- purpose string of bytes, rather than strings of only (readable) characters, strings of bits, or such. Byte strings often imply that bytes can take any value and any data can be stored as- is, meaning that there should be no value interpreted as a termination value. Most string implementations are very similar to variable- length arrays with the entries storing the character codes of corresponding characters. The principal difference is that, with certain encodings, a single logical character may take up more than one entry in the array. This happens for example with UTF- 8, where single codes (UCS code points) can take anywhere from one to four bytes, and single characters can take an arbitrary number of codes. In these cases, the logical length of the string (number of characters) differs from the physical length of the array (number of bytes in use). UTF- 3. 2 avoids the first part of the problem. Null- terminated. This representation of an n- character string takes n + 1 space (1 for the terminator), and is thus an implicit data structure. In terminated strings, the terminating code is not an allowable character in any string. Strings with length field do not have this limitation and can also store arbitrary binary data. An example of a null- terminated string stored in a 1. ASCII (or more modern UTF- 8) representation as 8- bit hexadecimal numbers is: FRANKNULkefw. E1. 64. B1. 60. 01. B1. 66. 51. 66. 61. The length of the string in the above example, . Characters after the terminator do not form part of the representation; they may be either part of other data or just garbage. This bit had to be clear in all other parts of the string. This meant that, while the IBM 1. ASCII codes. Length- prefixed. Storing the string length as byte limits the maximum string length to 2. To avoid such limitations, improved implementations of P- strings use 1. When the length field covers the address space, strings are limited only by the available memory. If the length is bounded, then it can be encoded in constant space, typically a machine word, thus leading to an implicit data structure, taking n + k space, where k is the number of characters in a word (8 for 8- bit ASCII on a 6. UTF- 3. 2/UCS- 4 on a 3. If the length is not bounded, encoding a length n takes log(n) space (see fixed- length code), so length- prefixed strings are a succinct data structure, encoding a string of length n in log(n) + n space. In the latter case, the length- prefix field itself doesn't have fixed length, therefore the actual string data needs to be moved when the string grows such that the length field needs to be increased. Here is a Pascal string stored in a 1. ASCII / UTF- 8 representation: length. FRANKkefw. 05. 16. E1. 64. B1. 66. B1. Strings as records. See also string (C++). Other representations. It is also possible to optimize the string represented using techniques from run length encoding (replacing repeated characters by the character value and a length) and Hamming encoding. Using ropes makes certain string operations, such as insertions, deletions, and concatenations more efficient. The core data structure in a text editor is the one that manages the string (sequence of characters) that represents the current state of the file being edited. While that state could be stored in a single long consecutive array of characters, a typical text editor instead uses an alternative representation as its sequence data structure. String representations requiring a terminating character are commonly susceptible to buffer overflow problems if the terminating character is not present, caused by a coding error or an attacker deliberately altering the data. String representations adopting a separate length field are also susceptible if the length can be manipulated. In such cases, program code accessing the string data requires bounds checking to ensure that it does not inadvertently access or change data outside of the string memory limits. String data is frequently obtained from user- input to a program. As such, it is the responsibility of the program to validate the string to ensure that it represents the expected format. Performing limited or no validation of user- input can cause a program to be vulnerable to code injection attacks. Literal strings. This is needed in, for example, source code of programming languages, or in configuration files. In this case, the NUL character doesn't work well as a terminator since it is normally invisible (non- printable) and is difficult to input via a keyboard. Storing the string length would also be inconvenient as manual computation and tracking of the length is tedious and error- prone.
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